What is E. coli? What is it use as a model organism in Metabolic engineering?

What is E. coli?

Ans.  E. coli is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is typically around 1μm long and 0.35μm wide. It is able to survive with or without oxygen and thus is a "facultative aerobe". Although it is able to grow fast without forming clumps in various inexpensive chemically defined media, it is not typically tolerant to very high or low temperatures or extreme acidity/alkalinity.

Its potential for fast growth, the number of molecular techniques for genetic manipulations available, and a good amount of knowledge about its genetics mean that it has the versatility to be utilized in many ways. Also, E. coli mainly replicates asexually, meaning that modifications made to the genome are maintained and thus effects seen in these mutants are reproducible. These factors make E. coli a good model organism for molecular genetics.

E. Coli Symptoms

Ans.  Symptoms of E. coli typically set in within 2-3 days of infection. Symptoms generally include:

1. Tiredness
2. Severe abdominal cramps
3. Diarrhea
4. Urinary tract infection
5. Nausea and vomiting
6. Perforation of the gastrointestinal tract (severe cases)
7. High fever
8. Bloody diarrhea (a characteristic feature of Shiga-toxin producing strains of E. coli)
9. Kidney failure (sporadic)

E. coli and its use as a model organism in metabolic engineering

Ans.  There is a growing demand for a sustainable source of fuels and chemicals. This can potentially be achieved by using renewable sources such as biomass and wastewater sd s starting sources.

Because there are tools available to manipulate the genome of E. coli, it is a good candidate as a model organism for metabolic engineering; this is where E. coli is genetically manipulated so that it becomes able to produce desired chemicals from various sources during growth.

Modern techniques can be applied to optimize the production of engineered chemicals; this includes the integration of systems biology with metabolic engineering. For example, analysis of the proteome can be used as a guide.

In a study, a proteomics approach was used to access which E. coli membrane proteins were linked to phenylpropanoid tolerance and transport, and thus enabled the identification of potential target proteins which can be utilized in metabolic engineering.